Introduction
Fire sprinkler systems play a crucial role in modern fire protection strategies. The design of the fire sprinkler system pipes enables the system to control the fire. Fire sprinkler systems operate through a piping network. The main features involve resisting pressure, temperature variations, and prolonged services.
There are several kinds of fire sprinkler systems. These pipes are manufactured from a variety of materials. Each type and material has its own features and role to play. The content below provides comprehensive information on the various types of fire sprinkler system pipes and their materials.
Fire Sprinkler Pipe Material Types
Different types of materials are used for fire sprinkler pipes. All the materials possess certain benefits and drawbacks. Depending on the type of system, the building conditions, and the regulations, the choice is made.
“The following are the frequently used materials in a fire sprinkler piping system.”
Steel Pipe
- Steel pipes are available in different forms. Their supply includes seamless and welded forms. These pipes are also available in galvanized steel and black steel. “Black steel pipes” are employed in “wet systems”. On the other hand, “galvanized steel pipes” prevent corrosion in the system.
- These pipes are very strong and resilient to harsh environments.
- The major characteristics of these steel pipes include good performance in high temperatures.
- These pipes resist mechanical stress and pressure.
- Technically, steel pipes can be used with all types of major sprinkler systems. These pipes perform well in industrial plants, warehouses, and high-rise buildings.
There are also certain challenges to using steel pipes:
- The systems dealing with stagnant water or trapped oxygen may cause internal corrosion in these steel pipes.
- Routine inspection and maintenance are also necessary.
- Due to the weight of steel pipes, installation work increased.
Copper Pipe / Tubing
- When the systems require corrosion resistance and a high service life, copper piping is an ideal choice.
- The primary feature of these pipes is their resistance to microbial growth.
- Their internal surface is smooth, which enhances flow efficiency.
- Applications of these pipes include health facilities and hospitals. They are also widely employed in agricultural systems.
- The classifications of copper tubing include types K, L, and M. Type K has a thick wall and is used for heavy-duty applications. Type M has a thin wall and has limited structural use. Type L has a medium wall and is frequently utilized in sprinkler systems.
- The limitations of copper tubing include higher material and labor costs. There is a need for skilled technicians during installation, in particular, for soldering or brazing joints.
Chlorine Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
- This piping material is also commonly used in “fire sprinkler systems.” Due to their lightweight, CPVC pipes are easy to use.
- The major applications of CPVC are in residential buildings. These pipes are extensively used in business areas.
- By using solvent cement joints, this piping material allows for fast installation.
- The major advantage of using these pipes is that they have a lower overall installation expense.
There are some limitations of these pipes:
- CPVC pipes are sensitive to UV radiation if not properly protected.
- UV radiation is sensitive and needs protection.
- These pipes have minimal application in high-hazard industrial environments.
Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX)
- PEX is a flexible piping system and popular for residential fire sprinklers.
- These pipes have high flexibility. This feature minimizes the requirement for fittings.
- They can be easily installed more quickly than rigid pipes.
- They are lightweight, so easily transported. They prevent fire sprinkler piping systems from cracking and freezing.
- PEX is applicable to light-hazard and low-pressure systems. Due to its high flexibility, routing through complex building layouts becomes easier.
There are also some limitations of PEX:
- PEX piping systems have poor endorsement in certain areas and codes.
- Their performance is not good in high-temperature or high-pressure systems.
- PEX pipes are not suitable for large industrial systems.
Types of Fire Sprinkler Systems
The classification of fire sprinkler systems is based on their water storage and release processes.
“Below are the four primary categories of fire sprinkler systems.”
Deluge Fire Sprinkler System
The working process of this system includes these steps:
There is a use of open sprinkler heads connected to empty pipes. After the detection of fire, an isolated detection system triggers a deluge valve. After that, water is released in the entire piping network. All sprinkler heads discharge water simultaneously, covering the protected area quickly.
- One of the notable features of this system is that all sprinkler heads are open. Before the activation of this system, their pipes are empty. All heads release water simultaneously.
- Deluge systems have wide applications in chemical plants. Electric power generation plants and aircraft hangars also use these pipes.
Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
The working process of this system includes these steps:
This system has pipes filled with water at all times. When a fire causes the temperature to rise, the sprinkler head opens. This allows the system to discharge water over the fire area. Due to already present water in the pipe, the system responds quickly.
- Due to its low maintenance, this pipe system has high reliability.
- Their main applications are in residential complexes, shopping centers, and office buildings.
Dry Pipe Sprinkler System
The working process of this system includes these steps:
Firstly, compressed air or nitrogen is filled in the pipes. Then, air pressure holds water back at a valve. The activated sprinkler releases the air. After that, water starts to flow in the system and is discharged.
- Dry pipe systems are employed in settings where water can solidify inside the pipes.
- Dry-pipe sprinkler systems perform well in cold storage and unheated areas.
- * But there are also certain limitations, as this system has a complicated design. This system has a slightly delayed water discharge. Regular inspection is needed to maintain proper air pressure levels.
Pre-Action Sprinkler System
The working process of the Pre-Action sprinkler system includes these steps:
The pipes of this system remain dry under normal conditions. The control valve is activated with the help of a detection system. Water enters the pipe after activation of the valve. After that, the sprinkler discharged water.
- The pre-action systems are a combination of dry and wet systems. They operate in highly sensitive environments and are protected from accidental discharge.
- One of the primary benefits of this system is an extra layer of protection. This feature reduces the risk of unintentional water damage.
- Pre-action sprinkler systems have wide applications in data centers, libraries, and museums.
How to Choose the Right Fire Sprinkler System?
- A right fire sprinkler system should comply with standards such as “NFPA 13”.
- Consider building type and occupancy before selecting a fire sprinkler system.
- Also, focus on environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature.
- Consider the budget and installation cost before selecting.
- Fire hazard level is also a key factor to consider.
